Nissan Cabstar -lorry Or Pickup

latent heat storage

far I knew only electrically driven heat pumps. Now I've read about a gas heat pump.

general, the heat pump
The ambient heat in a Ve
rdichter pumped by using refrigerant (the working fluid) from the lower to a higher temperature. The lower Temperature level at 10 ° C and the useful heat at 50 ° C. In the condenser the refrigerant changes its state from gaseous to liquid and releases the Philomene be ambient and heat of compression.
The liquid working medium absorbs the ambient heat in the evaporator and is thereby re-gas and the cycle starts all over again. This is the Carnot cycle process, while the efficiency is observed. The votes temperatures vary enormously as sources (ambient and room temperature).


The ambient heat can come from versc

Hieden sources. Most common are air / water heat pump which extracts the ambient heat from outside air. There are also water / water heat pumps absorb heat from the groundwater. Further, there are salt-water heat pumps, where the heat produced Erdregister or ground rod is pulled from the ground.

If three systems are available and they are:

gas engine heat pumps gas absorption heat pump Diffusion - Absorption - Heat Pump (DAHP)

I get on two systems respond in more detail:

gas engine heat pumps

In a gas engine heat pump compressor is driven by a gas engine. The waste heat that is produced by the gas engine used also for heat. The

water heat pump process can be reversed, which is from the same machine, a refrigerator, which can be used in summer for cooling of buildings. In a gas heat pump reaches the COP (coefficient of performance or the performance coefficients in German) about 1.2 to 1.8 with here the additional heat from the gas engine will be added to the first in the primary energy ratio. Gas engine heat pumps have 18 - and 14-70kW Heating - 55kW cooling capacity and are used mainly in the industrial and service sectors.

gas absorption heat pump

in the gas absorption heat pump, like the electrical is ammonia dissolved in water, the ambient heat transport in the Kries run. The circuit is heated by a gas burner and the ammonia is divided by the water evaporates by itself. The hot ammonia

gas from the condenser is the heat recovered and becomes liquid again. Then is the liquid ammonia gas into the evaporator where it absorbs ambient heat again. The liquid gas enters the absorber to absorb water and then into the expeller is heated by gas burners. This system also can be reversed for cooling. Here the performance is much higher: Heating: 32-175kW and coolness

n 16 - 85 kW (for air - water and water - water systems)

GWP compared to EWP

Basically, both systems are equal and have the great advantage of the free energy available to the Environment (air, soil, water) to use what seasonal performance enables significantly above 1.

direct comparison of the performance numbers (difficult) The numbers are very different because in the EWP, the ratio Strom-Input/Wärme-Output expressed with a power point which is good at 4.5 COP at are the gas heat pump, which stands at 1.2 to 1.8, the waste heat from the engine added in, but here it is called a primary energy ratio. However, a direct comparison of the performance numbers from EWP and primary energy ratio of GWP is not possible as this at a EWP critically on the mode of production the current depends on: This is in contrast to natural gas was not a primary energy, but a secondary energy carrier.

LCA depends on current production

As for the eco-and in particular the CO2 balance,

is it also critical to the origin (production) of the current and the possible addition of CO2-neutral biogas to natural gas. Nevertheless, the GWP works with a finite energy at the ESP, it would be possible to use solar energy.

individual situation significantly

Due to different subspecies and varieties, and the combination of different climatic and structural conditions, no general ruling be made. It is necessary in each specific case, the solution leads to optimal results. In addition, play investment horizon, comfort requirements, availability of natural gas, etc. play an important role.

heating power at low outside temperatures

at low temperatures it becomes increasingly difficult for heat pumps to absorb ambient heat (eg due to icing of the air register). Even at extremely low outside temperatures, the power of the gas pump but not below the nominal power of the gas burner or the mechanical and thermal performance of the gas engine. The efficiency is so also in the worst case more than 100%.

CO2

burn the CO2 levy on natural gas is about 25% lower than for heating oil. Which is dependent on the chemical structure, proves a higher energy content per carbon atom. The efficiency of a condensing gas boiler is 110% against and with the help of the additional waste heat utilized during combustion gets an efficiency of GWP 130-180%.

Charlotte Hille

Incredibles, Jack Jack Costume

The comfort air gas heat pumps

already appeared in several cases, among other issues, in discussion with the client, again the question of the central vacuum cleaner - Attachment. Although the weighting of her not as important as, for example, a heating system, it was also here the advantages and disadvantages, costs, opportunities, suppliers, etc. are discussed. This early in a planning phase, since the installation already provided in the shell and must be installed. Planning happens about the same period, the detailed design of electrical installations. Since the question whether such an installation is useful and necessary, not just yes or no can be answered, I had to search for data, features, pricing and sellers to advise the building owner may accordingly.

My results in this respect I explain this as follows:

function of a central vacuum cleaner - plant

planning Already in the planning of a house is often the installation of a central Central vacuum cleaner - plant considered. This can be at rest, the floor plans (sometimes the facility planning study). But besides that (subsequent installation), it is never too late to install a central vacuum cleaner - plant.

placement

depending on layout and set-up plan be chosen appropriate connection points (sockets Vacuum) for the Staubsaugreschlauch. Experience shows that in most cases extends 1-2 outlets from each floor. As junctions are suitable central points of the house like flooring, staircases, etc.. The vacuum cleaner hose is long as standard 8 m, but is also available in lengths of 10 and 12 meters. Together with the attachment tube and nozzle can thus achieving a Action radius of more than 9 m (or 11 and 13 m) from the wall inlet from. The actual range depends of course layout and furnishings. Usually a suction socket is sufficient for the upper floor of a modern family home.


wall inlets

There are 2 different types of inlet valves. From the simplest to install and use the wall socket. If a wall can be possible for some reason, a soil can be installed in metal. Both types have the same function and performance. should be avoided to place a box behind a door that is usually open, or at sites that are blocked by cabinets above can. The inlet valves can be mounted in the same way as electrical outlets (30 cm), or equal to the switch. The inlet valves are provided with a spring loaded flap, so that they are not left open or ajar after use. Next, a so-called kitchen bar can be installed. This is usually in the base area and sucks crumbs and other contamination in the kitchen. But they must first be swept into the area.

suction

The fixed suction line consists of a strong, flexible PVC hose with spiral reinforcement and a smooth inner wall. This allows a easy installation with minimal number shocks. The tube has an inner diameter of 40 mm and an outer diameter of 48 mm. Because of its construction, the hose can be laid in tight corners. At sharp bends should be avoided, as this air flow is slowed down. The straighter the line, the higher the suction power of the system. The suction pipe is weathering, moisture and cold resistant and can be installed in exterior walls and non-insulated attics, etc.. Due to its robust construction, the line can be set in concrete in floor slabs (concrete strength). To fix the line can be used galvanized sheet metal strip. Laying the cables under the ground (such as detached garages) they should in a 110 mm PVC pipe can be performed in order to avoid charges by earth pressure and protect against possible future work grave. Deflections of more than 45 degrees should be avoided. parallel to the suction line, the control line is laid.

branching

The split of the suction line to the various inlet valves is done using the included Y-branches. Note that the strain shows the branch towards the central unit. Otherwise, the suction power is greatly reduced.
CPU
The central unit is preferred in dry Ancillary rooms such as garages, storage room, laundry room, attic, basement and pay above installed as close as possible to an outside wall to the exhaust air to easily be able to. In the vicinity of the unit should an electrical outlet (220V / 10A).
silencer
at the exhaust outlet is installed, the muffler. The exhaust pipe should be as short as possible and have no sharp bends.
installation in the finished house

Almost 80% of all installations with ready-made houses. Just a little ingenuity is needed to determine the best wiring. Normally leave to use the attic and basement, and open space under the house to strip foundations in combination with lockers, laundry room, staircase, hobby room, etc.. With a little imagination, you find for each house is the ideal solution. Only in exceptional cases, a visual installation of the suction line will be needed and make a disguise necessary (eg drywall). Another possibility would be laying in a PVC channel (such as electrical installation).

advantages of a central vacuum cleaner - Annex (CSA):




Clean Air - Unlike a conventional Hoover, despite no filtering dust particles, mites, viruses and bacteria (cause of allergies) distributed in space. The central vacuum cleaner - air conditioning blows into the open. are the vacuum system is faster, it has pulled no clumsy machine behind or carried on the back - -



conveniently and quickly with a vacuum cleaner, there are no tangled in the cord. Stairs suck is no longer a problem.


Powerful and quiet -

The absorbency of the vacuum cleaner - plant will amaze you. The robust motor (1400W's normal for home) ensures that the house is even cleaner in the near future. Despite the super-suction vacuum cleaner is the central - plant very quiet and you only hear a faint noise from the jet. Since the central vacuum the dust not only distributed, one must not wipe or vacuum as often.

Careful-With a central vacuum - include plant scarred, scratched furniture and floors of the past.
disadvantages of a central vacuum cleaner - can be system

1. :
2. The demolition of a building, the lines may connected to the primary structure.
3. The system can not be taken in a procession.

2. Personally, I am now after we already were allowed to include some plants from such a vacuum cleaner - system and believe the feedback from the builders who have installed in such a system is very positive. The cost of a central vacuum cleaner - plant move depending on the size and power of the system between CHF 4'000 .-- and 6'000 .--. I find the price-performance ratio of a central vacuum cleaner - very good investment. order not to buy the plant from the beginning, it is possible to prepare for the system installed (piping). This is called cost of approximately CHF 1,000 .--. The central vacuum cleaner - plant can then be later bought it.

21:05:08 / Cristiano Pedron

Men Who Wear Womens Panties And Girdles

all the earth in contact with parts of the building structure, for example

foundation piles and walls can be used as a heat exchanger. The

background serves to store energy for heating and cooling large buildings.

As geostructures are those which foundation elements of a building, to improve the viability of a poor foundation soil are needed.

Energy geostructures The soil temperature at several meters depth (15-20m) will rapidly constant (9-11 ° C in the local climate). This temperature level in summer r for cooling and heating in winter be used.
for supporting and building the Green
geostructures training required of all sizes can be equipped with heat exchangers. Those with the substrate in contact concrete piles and concrete walls labeled with plastic pipes to exchange heat or cold
of the ground. These lines are then combined to one or more heat pumps supplied.
The operation of the plant is based on an annual cycle in which during the heating season, the underground heat (cold entry into the ground) and during the cooling period is extracted from cold (heat). The advantages of such a system manifest themselves in reduced operating costs due to the way

case of fossil fuels (80%) and in a reduction of CO 2 - emission (45% to 100%)

energy piles
Reinforced concrete piles usually have a diameter between 0.4 and 1.5 m and a length of several meters to over 30 m. According to the pile diameter on the inside usually a double or quadruple U-tube or a pipe network of polyethylene is introduced. These tubes are completely surrounded with concrete to a good produce thermal contact. In this closed loop between the pipes in the posts and the
heat pump circulates a heat transfer fluid to heat or cold to the base exchange.



created this simple and appropriate technology is not excessive additional costs, but must from the outset with respect to the project plan included construction and energy concept be. At present there are in Switzerland about 30 installations of energy geostructures. Dock Midfield Airport Zurich


Subjects example midfield dock where our office in the planning and execution was involved wants to show I like the energy pile system works and what to consider .

project description


The Dock Midfield is a new reception and the terminal for 26 aircraft on the Zurich Airport. The 500 m long and 30 m wide building is on foundation piles which are used for energy.

Technical aspects
The Dock Midfield had to be founded on piles due to poor subsoil. There are 441 piles standing at 0.9 to 1.5 m diameter is required. This goes back to the ground moraine, which lies at a depth of 30 meters. Bearing on this moraine is the entire building. The piles had to be created with support tubes, which were withdrawn during the filling with local concrete. D
he ground is saturated almost to ground level with groundwater, which is due to the
small permeability of the soil (tonigsiltige deposits) is very practical standing. 3 10 of the piles were equipped with plastic tube loops, that is equipped as energy piles. The reinforcing cages PE pipes were installed, in which circulates a heat transfer medium.

Through these pipes a cooled respectively heated liquid (water-glycol) is pumped, which can heat the ground to be withdrawn or fed. This "heat exchanger", the soil be used under the Dock Midfield as seasonal storage.

The energy stakes are a long-term secure source of energy dar.
construction of the energy piles

With a detailed planning, the use of experiences of other projects with energy piles and close cooperation with entrepreneurs could be greatly simplified the construction process.
enabled the prefabrication of the pile deposits of high quality and avoided scheduling problems in the construction of power poles in a very tight time frame.
research project


could hardly fall back on operating experience for this innovative system. To plan and optimize secure and to a project with financial support from the Federal Office of Energy (BFE) was performed. In collaboration with the ETH Lausanne
detailed simulations and a response test using two probes were carried out on site. Thus, the thermal conductivity of soil measured in situ.
Energetic aspects


Income the energy piles was simulated by the ETH Lausanne (EPFL). The basis for this simulation were the pile plan, the hourly calculation of energy demand due to a thermal simulation of the building in cooperation with EMPA and the geological study by Jäckli AG. In winter, according to calculations from the ground in 1100 MWh of heat can be obtained. This heat is stored partly in the summer heat, which otherwise has to be dissipated with cooling machines (about 470 MWh). The rest of the Dock Midfield district heating is very small (about 420 MWh per year). The annual demand for electricity has not changed much, the power consumption of the heat pump in winter by savings in the summer (cooling on the energy piles) such as

compensated. With the energy pile system in the Dock Midfield, the required stabilization of the energy consumption of the entire airport is supported.
The energy stakes are a voluntary measure for an environmentally friendly airport. The energy stakes a building permit, which can almost be described as zero-energy house and use for heating and cooling most regenerable energy.


summer (cooling capacity)

The internal heat is removed from the building with the rooms and ventilation systems gathered over the recirculation cooling system. This waste heat in summer in the baggage sorting and year-round in transformer rooms, in the drive areas of passenger transport system and in other technical areas. In summer, this excess heat is dissipated directly to the energy piles to the soil. The refrigeration required for cooling the internal heat can be almost completely straight with the

power poles and in the heating season with are heat recovery (HR) covered. Only for a few tips, it is necessary to use the existing heat pump for winter as

refrigerator. This mode is also the safety (of Redunanz cooling). It can be expected about 470 MWh per year cold generated directly with the poles, only about 10 MWh are yet to meet with the chiller.
In the other with the power poles, the rooms in the basement, particularly the baggage-Vo
rsortierung, cooled directly through the uninsulated floor of course. would have no power poles with a slow rise in global temperatures in these areas are expected. In this area as the recirculating cooling units
and the corresponding demand for energy can be saved, which can be estimated at about 300 MWh cold. The cold supply air for about 18 - 20 ° C (cooling coil in the mono block) in the summer is created with separate chillers.
transition
with free-cooling internal heat could also be made of the existing cooling towers on the roof to the outside air. According Simulations, this mode not be necessary. winter (heat demand) in winter is primarily used to heat the internal heat recovery (690 MWh). For this, the heat pump that cools the circulating cooling system. If additional heat demand the floor, the stored heat is withdrawn (1100 MWh), this is also the same heat pump used. It can deliver up to 630 kW useful heat. This is not sufficient (very cold winter days), the terminal covers to the airport district heating network the missing heat capacity demand. Thus, in winter the heat requirements of the building are covered mainly with internal waste heat and geothermal energy. The heat

pump with a COP of 4 provides total 2360 MWh of useful heat to about 40 ° C. 420 MWh heat from district heating still be obtained to meet peak demand.

costs

The annual costs are lower due to energy piles to about CHF 16'000 .-. With the energy pile system, renewable energy can be used in an economical way.
The total investment for the power poles is about Fri contrast, 1.1 million could be saved .- Fri 130,000 (about 600kW smaller heat supply, in the basement sorting less air circulation devices).
The additional investment is therefore Fri 970'000 .-. annually reduce the energy costs by about CHF 94'000 .-; the stand n by CHF 11 ' 000th - higher maintenance costs compared.
Assuming that 30 years amortization period and 5.5% interest rate, so bring the energy piles up an annual profit of about 16,000 .-. Fri Unlike expected, this additional investment through energy savings within 12 years be repaid (without interest).
These calculations were performed with the energy prices of the unique (Fri 80.-/MWh heat, electricity 166.-/MWh Fri). The results can change dramatically with changing energy prices. The current situation with lower electricity rates and rather high gas and oil prices improved the profitability of the energy stakes considerably.


Conclusion
The first results show the data that the heat extraction works well from the ground. The heat pump, one of the largest in Switzerland, is running in cold weather almost constantly. It works very efficiently and thereby achieve a high level point of about four, that is, from an energy unit of electricity generated, four units of heating energy. The energy output of the heat pump exceeds expectations, improving the economic viability. The cooling in the summer to work properly, as the past summer have shown below-the-century summer of 2003. The detailed analysis of the data will allow Unique to optimize the operation of the plant further. For the development of other energy projects such valuable data is available to assist in the planning and calculation can draw on previous experience.
Links:

www.hakagerodur.ch www.geothermal-energy.ch




Urs Balmer

Cookinglondon Ontario

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